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This article is about the sport of weightlifting. For the muscle-building activity involving weights, see weight training. For using weights to develop physique, see bodybuilding.
Iraqi weightlifter with 180kg in the rack position; at the end of the clean phase.[1]
Weightlifting, also called Olympic weightlifting or Olympic-style weightlifting,
is a sport in which participants attempt a maximum weight single lift
of a barbell loaded with weight plates. The two lifts currently
competed are the clean and jerk and the snatch. The compound word "weightlifting" is often used incorrectly to refer to weight training. In comparison with powerlifting, weightlifting requires more power
because the lifts must be executed more quickly and with more mobility
because of a greater range of motion during the lifts. While there are
relatively few competitive Olympic lifters, the lifts and their
components are commonly used by elite athletes to train for explosive
and functional strength.
The Olympic lifts
Clean and jerk. Lifter has jerked the bar overhead and is working her legs back together.
The sport of Olympic weightlifting consists of two lifts, the snatch and the clean and jerk.
In both, the lift begins with the barbell on the floor and ends with
the lifter standing erect with the barbell held steady over his head
with arms and legs straight and motionless.
In the snatch, the lifter must lift the barbell from the floor to
over their head in one continuous movement. The lifter attempts to
accelerate the bar vertically as fast as possible (the pull), then "jump" under it into an overhead squat position (the drop). The lifter then executes the concentric portion of the squat to complete the lift.
The clean and jerk has two major components. The clean portion consists of the pull, the drop, and the front squat. The jerk consists of the dip, the drive (together called the quarter jerk), and the split (or the squat or catch). The lifter first "cleans" the barbell from the floor to an intermediate position, "racking" the bar against their chest in a front squat then stands up in the concentric
portion of the front squat. The lifter then rapidly pushes the barbell
vertically and separates his legs either front-to-back or side-to-side
to get under the bar and straighten his arms. The lifter then works his
legs back together to complete the lift.
In competition, three judges independently determine the legality
and successfulness of a lift. If in a judges opinion a competitor has
met the requirements for a successful lift, a judge will display a
white light. An unsuccessful lift is indicated with a red light. When
at least two white lights are shown, the lift is regarded as successful
and the competitor may return the bar to the platform. The bar must be
lifted to at least knee level within 60 seconds of the bar being loaded
or the lift does not count. If the competitor is making two consecutive
lifts, then they are permitted 120 seconds for the second lift.
A third lift, the "clean and press" or simply "press", was practiced in the Olympics until 1972.
The clean and press differs from the clean and jerk, in that the weight
is pressed directly up from the chest with the arms only, while
remaining standing, while the jerk uses the legs' power to assist the
arms part of the way up, followed by the body sinking downward into a
split or squat to complete the extension of the arms, before once again
standing. The press was eliminated due to the difficulty in judging
whether the lift was performed correctly: lifters were bending so far
backward as to turn it into a "standing bench press".
Requirements of weightlifting
Weightlifting requires power, technique, flexibility and
consistency. A weightlifter's strength comes primarily from the legs,
specifically the muscles of the quadriceps and posterior chain,
and secondarily the back, anterior core, and shoulders. Weightlifting
is a full body activity, but these muscles receive emphasis over the
others within the body. Weightlifters need not necessarily be heavy, as
they compete by weight classes.
The inherent mechanics of weightlifting favors the physical
characteristics of short people, similar to the manner in which
basketball favors tall people. The effort of lifting a weight is "work
done" and is the product of weight x distance. Weightlifting does not
measure work done. It is easy to imagine that a very short person could
snatch to 5 feet (1.5m), and a very tall person to 8 feet (2.4m). A
very tall lifter's chest could exceed a short lifter's jerk, meaning
they have already done more work just by lifting to the chest.
Nevertheless, many taller people have been successful at lifting, as
indeed, have some shorter basketball players.
Competition
The competitive sport is controlled by the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF). Based in Budapest, it was founded in 1905.
Competitors compete in one of eight (seven for women) divisions determined by their body mass. These classes are currently: men's: 56 kg (123.5 lb),
62 kg (136.7 lb), 69 kg (152.1 lb), 77 kg (169.8 lb), 85 kg (187.4 lb),
94 kg (207.2 lb), 105 kg (231.5 lb) and 105+ kg, and women's: 48kg
(105.8 lb.), 53 kg (116.8 lb), 58 kg (127.8 lb), 63 kg (138.9 lb), 69
kg (152.1 lb), 75 kg (165.3 lb), and 75+ kg.[2]
In each weight division, competitors compete in both the snatch and
clean and jerk, and prizes are usually given for the heaviest weights
lifted in the snatch, clean and jerk, and the two combined.
The order of the competition is up to the lifters—the competitor who chooses to attempt the lowest weight
goes first. If they are unsuccessful at that weight, they have the
option of reattempting that lift or trying a heavier weight later
(after any other competitors have made attempts at that weight or any
intermediate weights). Weights are set in 1 kilogram increments
(previously 2.5kg increments), and each lifter can have a maximum of
three lifts, regardless of whether lifts are successful or not.
The title Best Lifter is commonly awarded at local competitions. The award is based on the lifters' Sinclair Coefficients,
which calculate strength-to-weight ratio of the lifters. Typically, the
winner of the heaviest weight class will have lifted the most weight,
but a lifter in a lighter weight class will have lifted more in
proportion to his bodyweight.
Lifters from Bulgaria, Romania, China, Iran, Greece and Turkey are known for competing successfully at the international level.
Top lifters
Yuri Vlasov (USSR) - 29 world records, Olympic gold (1960), silver (1964)
Andrei Chemerkin (Russia) - Olympic gold (1996), Olympic bronze (2000)
Waldemar Baszanowski (Poland) - Olympic gold (1964, 1968)
Vasily Alexeyev (USSR) - 80 world records, Olympic gold (1972, 1976)
Tommy Kono (United States) - 26 world records, Olympic gold (1952, 1956), Olympic silver (1960)
Galabin Boevski (Bulgaria) - current and all time 69 kg world record holder, and current best record lifter.
Hossein Rezazadeh (Iran) - current super-heavyweight world record holder, Olympic gold (2000, 2004)
Pyrros Dimas (Greece) - Olympic gold (1992, 1996, 2000), Olympic bronze (2004)
Naim Suleymanoglu (Turkey) - Olympic gold (1988, 1992, 1996)
Kakhi Kakhiashvili (Greece) - Olympic gold (1992, 1996, 2000)
Halil Mutlu (Turkey) - Olympic gold (1996, 2000, 2004)
Norbert Schemansky (United States) - Olympic gold (1952), silver (1948), bronze (1960, 1964)
Ronny Weller (Germany, East Germany) - Olympic gold (1992), silver (1996, 2000), bronze (1988)
Nikolay Pechalov (Bulgaria, Croatia)- Olympic gold (2000), silver (1992), bronze (1996, 2004)
Leonid Taranenko (USSR) - Olympic gold (1980), silver (1992)
Stefan Topurov
(Bulgaria) - first feather weight to lift three times his body weight
(180kg clean and jerk in the 60kg weight class at the 1983 World
Championship in Moscow)
Tara Nott (United States) - Olympic gold (2000)
Yurik Vardanyan (Armenia) - Olympic gold (1980), light-heavyweight record holder since 1980
Bob Hoffman - known as the "Father of World Weightlifting", U.S. Olympic coach 1948-1964, founder of York Barbell Company
Records
The total record in the men's 56 kg class is 305 kg, in the 105+ kg class it is 472.5 kg.[3] The current official record for the clean and jerk in the men's +105 kg class is held by Hossein Rezazadeh of Iran, who clean and jerked 263.5 kg (580.9 lb) at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics. He snatched 213.0 kg (469.6 lb) in September 2003 at Qinhuangdao. Rezazadeh scored a record total of 472.5 kg at both the 2000 Sydney Olympics and 2004 Athens Olympics. The current record for the clean and jerk in the women's 75+ kg class is held by Gonghong Tang of China, who lifted 182.5 kg (402.3 lb) at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics.[3]
Due to the restructuring of the competitive weight classes that took
place in 1993 and 1998, the following lifts are no longer recognized as
the official world records. However, these remain the highest figures
ever posted in competition. Yevgeny Sypko lifted in the Druzhba Cup Meet, on March 4, 1990,
at 130.65kg and snatched 216.5kg (477.3 lb), the highest competitive
snatch in history, although it is not recognized as a world record
because the meet wasn't officially drug tested. However, it did count
as a Soviet Record. The heaviest 'official' snatch of all time is 216.0
kg (476.2 lb), lifted by Antonio Krastev of Bulgaria
in 1987. That year Antonio's training produced a world record exceeding
snatch of 222.5kg (490.5 lb). The heaviest clean and jerk of all time
is 266.0 kg (586.4 lb) lifted by Leonid Taranenko in Canberra, Australia on November 26, 1988. In the same event, Taranenko set a world record of 475 kg (1047.2 lb) in the total.
The Sinclair Coefficients are used as a tool to devise rankings of weightlifters across different weight classes.[4]
See also
Bodybuilding, an activity which focuses on the visual aesthetics of a muscular physique.
Powerlifting, a pure strength sport which includes the bench press, squat, and deadlift.
Strength athletics
or strongman competition, a sport which involves competitions in
unusual lifts involving heavy weights, including stone lifting and
vehicle pull
List of American weightlifters
References
^ Cossel, Benjamin J. (March 25, 2004). "Soldiers help Iraq's heavy lifters. USAREUR Public Affairs.
^ "IWF Technical Rules" (PDF). International Federation of Weightlifting. Retrieved on 2007-01-09.
^ a b "IWF World Records". International Federation of Weightlifting. Retrieved on 2007-01-09.
^ "The Sinclair Coefficients for the Olympiad". International Federation of Weightlifting. Retrieved on 2007-01-09.
External links
Lift Up: History of Olympic Weightlifting
International Federation of Weightlifting
Olympic Weightlifting on the Web
USA Weightlifting
Polish and World Weightlifting
Polish club weightlifting
Olympic Weightlifting Video Review
Weightlifting Exchange
The OpenUSAW Project - Weightlifting Videos
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